Abstract
Abstract In the realm of energy systems, understanding the causes of malfunctions in relay protection and automation equipment, including power transformers, is paramount. This article delves into a comprehensive exploration of the root causes behind improper operation within these critical components of the energy infrastructure. Through the development of an advanced model, employing a system of equations founded on fuzzy cause-and-effect relationships, our research enables the timely identification of malfunctions and operational errors in relay protection and automation, particularly in power transformers. The research findings indicate that by assessing signs of malfunctions in electrical and relay protection and automation equipment through linguistic fuzzy analysis, experts can deduce the primary technical causes underlying relay protection and automation device operations. This model offers a precise means of pinpointing equipment malfunctions should damage occur, thereby contributing to the overall reliability and effectiveness of relay protection and automation systems. Drawing upon recent statistical data, our study assesses the likelihood of encountering the fundamental causes of malfunction in these systems and, based on this analysis, presents recommendations aimed at fortifying the reliability of relay protection and automation within the energy sector.