A numerical study of non-Newtonian blood-based hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching cylinder with Cattaneo–Christov heat flux and homogeneous heterogeneous reactions

Liaqat Ali, Sheheryar Shah, Sharifah E. Alhazmi, Kholod M. Abualnaja, Samia Elattar

Discover Nano, 2026

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DOI 10.1186/s11671-026-04828-8
Data confidence 85 high
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Abstract

Non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids have attracted considerable attention in biomedical and industrial thermal systems because of their superior heat transfer performance and complex transport characteristics. In particular, blood-based hybrid nanofluids containing copper (Cu) and alumina (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles offer promising applications in biomedical transport processes and advanced thermal management systems. However, the classical Fourier heat conduction model is often insufficient to accurately describe thermal relaxation effects and chemically reactive transport phenomena occurring in such complex fluid environments. Moreover, comprehensive mathematical investigations incorporating non-Newtonian rheology, non-Fourier heat conduction, nonlinear heat generation, and coupled chemical reactions over stretching/shrinking cylindrical geometries remain limited in the existing literature. To address this research gap, the present study develops a comprehensive mathematical model for magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow and heat-mass transfer characteristics of Casson hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching/shrinking cylinder embedded in a porous medium. The novelty of this work lies in the simultaneous incorporation of Casson rheology, Cattaneo-Christov heat flux, nonlinear heat generation, and coupled homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions to simulate realistic bio-thermal transport behavior. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using suitable similarity transformations and solved numerically through the MATLAB bvp4c collocation solver. The results demonstrate that increasing the Casson and porosity parameters suppresses the velocity profile while enhancing the skin-friction coefficient. The temperature distribution increases with the heat generation parameter but decreases with the thermal relaxation parameter. In addition, both homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction parameters significantly reduce the concentration profile. These findings provide valuable insights for controlling heat and mass transfer in biomedical transport systems and enhancing the performance of advanced thermal management applications involving blood-based hybrid nanofluids.