Abstract
Under the conditions of the need to diversify Kazakhstan’s economy and ensure its sustainable development, the importance of the crop production sector is increasing as one of the key drivers of structural transformation. The objective – is to determine the logic for improving the crop production sector through enhanced efficiency, stability, and innovation processes. The object of the study is the set of regional agricultural systems that differ in terms of their resource base. Methods – comparative regional analysis, calculation of average annual growth rates, interpretation of physical volume indices, and structural comparison of performance indicators reflecting changes in productivity were employed to identify spatial differences among regions, assess the dynamics of key parameters, determine the actual increase in production intensity while excluding price effects, and evaluate productivity levels. The application of these methods makes it possible to identify regional differences resulting from the expansion of the resource base as well as the acceleration of technological transformation. Results reveal heterogeneity that extends beyond territorial differences and takes the form of structural differentiation. Two development models are identified, differing in terms of production growth and performance efficiency. Some regions demonstrate balanced development trajectories based on technological modernization and increased production intensity, whereas others expand production volumes without transforming their production base. This creates an asymmetry in which quantitative growth generates only a short-term effect that does not evolve into balanced development. It is substantiated that the nature of development is determined by the degree of technological adoption and organizational modernization. Conclusions indicate the expediency of shifting to an innovation-oriented model focused on the modernization of the agrarian sector. Strengthening the role of digital technologies, diversification, and institutional support creates the prerequisites for efficient and high-quality development. Urgent attention is also required to address environmental degradation, which leads to the deterioration of land resources, as well as to reduce losses occurring during the production, storage, and marketing stages of crop products.