Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a severe clinical manifestation of ischemic heart disease, encompassing unstable angina, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). According to current data from the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases remain the leading etiological cause of mortality worldwide. In 2022, approximately 19.8 million deaths globally were attributed to cardiovascular diseases, accounting for 32% of all-cause mortality. Of these, 85% resulted from myocardial infarction and stroke. Notably, more than 75% of cardiovascular-related deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, including the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to the Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan, cardiovascular diseases constitute a major public health threat and rank among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Data from the WHO European Regional Office and the ESC Atlas 2024 indicate that cardiovascular diseases consistently occupy one of the top positions in the mortality structure of Kazakhstan. A national cohort study based on the Unified National Electronic Healthcare System (UNEHS) of Kazakhstan identified 79,172 patients treated for acute myocardial infarction between 2014 and 2019. Of these, 67% were male, with a mean age of 63±12 years. Over a fiveyear follow-up period, all-cause mortality increased from 101 to 210 cases per 1,000,000 population. Furthermore, in 2019, the disease burden attributable to acute myocardial infarction amounted to 169,862 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), of which 79% were due to years of life lost (YLLs) as a result of premature mortality. These findings underscore that investigating early diagnostic strategies for cardiovascular complications in patients with acute coronary syndrome is critical for improving population health outcomes and reducing the progression of mortality.