Abstract
In the context of increasing global economic instability, growing social inequality, and demographic challenges, the issue of state regulation of the population’s standard of living is gaining particular relevance. The effectiveness of social policy and quality of life are largely determined by the scale and efficiency of government intervention, as well as by the institutional capacity of the state to ensure socio-economic stability during periods of crisis. Historical experience of developed countries demonstrates that the role of the state in stabilizing incomes, employment, and access to basic social services intensifies during economic and social shocks. The purpose of this study is to analyze foreign models of state regulation of the population’s standard of living and to identify possibilities for adapting selected mechanisms to the conditions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study examines the evolution of theoretical approaches to social policy, compares liberal, continental, and social-democratic welfare models, and evaluates socio-economic indicators across countries with different institutional systems. The scientific significance of the study lies in its comprehensive comparative analysis of mechanisms for regulating living standards, taking into account institutional, fiscal, and social constraints characteristic of transition economies. The study substantiates the feasibility of developing a hybrid model for Kazakhstan that combines market-based incentives, elements of industrial and social policy, and targeted social support instruments. The practical significance of the research is reflected in the applicability of its results to improving socio-economic development programs6 strengthening social policy priorities, and enhancing mechanisms for regulating incomes, employment and healthcare.