Abstract
The excessive use of CO 2 poses significant challenges, such as rising concentration of greenhouse gases causing environmental disruption, rising sea levels, and depletion of economic resources. The prominent ways to convert CO 2 into sustainable fuels include thermochemical, electrochemical, and photochemical methods. Photothermal CO 2 conversion offers the significant advantage of reducing activation energy, enhancing reaction rates, and improving product selectivity. Extensive information on synergistic catalysts has been provided for CO 2 conversion, which increases reaction rates by coordinating photo and thermal energy to encourage two effects—photo and thermo—thereby overcoming intrinsic energy barriers of the CO 2 conversion reaction. This review particularly signifies the importance of metal-organic frameworks due to their stable structure, efficient access to multiple active sites, and better molecular control. A particular focus on manganese-based metal-organic framework (MOF) catalysts is presented due to their strong paramagnetic characteristics, redox activity, and stable oxidation states. Various parameters that influence the conversion are also considered, such as microstructure, strong metal support, nanomaterials, and single-atom catalyst. Key engineering challenges, such as techno-economic analysis, scalability, and efficient reactor design, have also been discussed, which center on molecular physics and materials durability. Recent advances have also been incorporated into this review, signifying the importance of computational techniques and kinetic modelling applications of MOF-based catalysts. Finally, future perspectives emphasize the key upcoming factors and offer a guideline for further advancement of CO 2 conversion.