Abstract
Wool is a valuable natural fiber widely used in textile applications but is highly susceptible to microbial and insect-induced degradation, leading to loss of mechanical properties, aesthetic quality, and hygienic characteristics. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the influence of biocidal treatments on the antibacterial activity and physicomechanical properties of nonwoven wool materials. Various chemical and eco-friendly biocidal agents were considered, while sodium tetraborate (borax) was selected for experimental investigation due to its antimicrobial and flame-retardant properties. The results indicate that multi-stage treatments and plasma-assisted surface modifications significantly improve biocidal efficacy, maintaining antibacterial activity and mechanical integrity even after repeated washing. Advanced formulations, particularly those incorporating nanoparticles and bio-based polymers, demonstrated prolonged protection while preserving the natural properties of wool fibers. The study highlights the importance of sustainable and eco-friendly approaches in developing functional wool textiles with enhanced performance, durability, and resistance to biological damage. These findings provide a basis for the design of next-generation wool materials for medical, adaptive, and technical textile applications. Mathematical modeling using response surface methodology demonstrated that optimal borax concentrations (10–15%) maintain mechanical integrity while providing antimicrobial functionality.