Abstract
Introduction . Primary health care underpins equitable access and continuity of services, forming the cornerstone of sustainable health systems. Nursing is central to Primary Health Care delivery, encompassing preventive services, patient care, and chronic disease management. Despite reforms in Kazakhstan, significant challenges persist, including workforce shortages, uneven distribution of personnel, insufficient educational standards, and limited career advancement opportunities. Aim . To analyze the current state of nursing in Kazakhstan’s Primary Health Care system, identify systemic barriers, and outline development prospects in line with international benchmarks. Materials and methods . A narrative review was conducted of official reports from the Ministry of Health, national regulatory documents, and peer-reviewed publications (2010 – 2025). Comparative analysis with global advanced nursing practice models was performed. Results and discussion . Kazakhstan employs about 121,000 nurses, including 65,000 in Primary Health Care, but faces a shortage of nearly 3,800 mid-level staff. In rural areas, one nurse may serve up to 2,500 patients, leading to burnout. From 2020 – 2023, nurses’ salaries rose by 20%, 45 SOPs were introduced, and graduate nursing programs expanded. Yet advanced practice remains limited: in Almaty, only 0.4% of nurses provide independent consultations. In 2024, over 1,100 professionals (including 82 nurses) were trained for new PHC facilities, and 2,850 staff completed updated training. In 2025, the Ministry of Health declared the Year of Primary Health Care, mandating continuous training and digital integration. Positive shifts include simulation centers, distance learning, and digital tools that enhance education and broaden nurses’ roles. Conclusion . Strengthening nursing in Kazakhstan’s Primary Health Care requires a comprehensive strategy: raising salaries, updating curricula to international standards, expanding nurses’ scope of practice, and integrating digital health solutions. Government support and international collaboration are critical to stabilizing the workforce and improving Primary Health Care quality and accessibility.