Abstract
This paper examines numeral-based phraseological units in Kazakh, English and Russian literary texts from linguistic, cognitive and pedagogical perspectives. The study aims to identify the semantic, cultural and interpretative features of numeral-based phraseological units and to explore their pedagogical potential within the framework of differentiated instruction in English language teaching (ELT). The study employs the methods of system and comparative analysis, synthesis, deduction, classification and analysis of scientific publications. The study provides a classification of numeral-based phraseological units across the three languages based on three parameters: semantic transparency, cultural load and interpretative complexity. The findings demonstrate that phraseological units differ significantly in their symbolic meanings, cultural specificity and interpretative complexity across the three languages. Kazakh phraseology reflects cultural and ancestral symbolism, English phraseology is characterized by communicative pragmatism and semantic transparency, while Russian phraseology demonstrates metaphorical expressiveness and emotional coloring. The scientific significance of the research lies in its interdisciplinary and comparative approach to the analysis of numerical symbolism within the framework of differentiated ELT. The practical value of the study consists in the possibility of adapting phraseological material to learners’ language proficiency and intercultural competence, thereby improving vocabulary development, interpretative skills and intercultural communication during classroom activities. The proposed classification framework may serve as a methodological basis for developing culturally adaptive and differentiated teaching materials within a learning analytics approach to multilingual ELT environments.