Abstract
Pesticide residues in vegetables constitute a potential source of exposure to endocrine- and reproductive-disrupting chemicals (EDCs/RDs), particularly in vulnerable populations such as children. This study assessed pesticide occurrence in vegetables from 12 countries worldwide and evaluated associated health risks for children and adults within the framework of European legislation. Of the 390 analyzed samples, 84.7% contained 40 pesticides, including nine non-approved compounds (26% of samples). Fungicides were among the detected groups (81.7%), with boscalid (0.005–0.36 mg kg−1) and propamocarb (0.005–0.87 mg kg−1) being the most commonly occurring compounds. Multiresidue contamination was observed in 75.7% of samples. Tomatoes and leeks exhibited the highest concentrations, and the European Union maximum residue level (MRL) was exceeded by up to 240% for flonicamid in Chinese cabbage. Propamocarb was the most commonly identified EDC, while tomatoes showed the greatest diversity of these compounds. RDs occurred less frequently, with pyraclostrobin being the most common. Risk assessment resulting from the presence of multiple pesticides in an individual sample expressed as the hazard index (HI) exceeded acceptable levels for BE toddlers consuming tomatoes (1.345 for EDCs and 1.264 for RDs) and leeks (1.010) containing propamocarb. These findings highlight an in-depth toxicological evaluation of the combined effects of multiple hazardous pesticides occurring simultaneously, which may support future legislative measures aimed at improving food safety.