Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive analysis, based on literature, of the distribution, bioaccumulation, and biogeochemical cycling patterns of macro- and microelements in the soil–plant system under conditions of vertical (altitudinal) and horizontal (landscape-geographical) zonality. The aim of the study is to identify and generalize the main factors influencing the dynamics of elements under different soil-climatic conditions. In the research, sources indexed in international scientific databases were selected and studied using qualitative and comparative analysis methods. The results showed that the distribution of macro- and microelements is closely related to the physical and chemical properties of the soil, climatic factors, biological characteristics of plants, and anthropogenic impacts. Vertical zonality determines the cycling of elements governed by climate, while horizontal zonality forms spatial heterogeneity through landscape and soil diversity. At the same time, the soil–plant–microbiome interaction acts as an important regulator in the assimilation and migration of elements. The research results demonstrate the necessity of evaluating macro- and microelement dynamics based on an integrative approach and have significant scientific and practical importance in the formation of sustainable agroecosystems.