Abstract
This scientific article investigates the technology of producing energy-efficient porous ceramic materials based on local raw materials and presents the results of a comprehensive study of their physical and mechanical properties. The relevance of the research is connected with the rapid development of the construction industry, the increasing volume of residential construction, and the high cost of building materials. At the same time, global challenges such as efficient energy consumption, reduction of heat losses in buildings, and lowering carbon dioxide emissions highlight the importance of developing advanced thermal insulation materials. Therefore, the creation of lightweight ceramics with low thermal conductivity, sufficient mechanical strength, and high porosity is an important scientific and technical task. The study used natural raw materials from Kazakhstan, including opoka from the Taskala deposit (West Kazakhstan region), bentonite clay from the Pogodaev deposit, and coal from the Shubarkol deposit in the Karaganda region. Ceramic mixtures were prepared in different ratios: opoka 80–88%, bentonite clay 10%, and coal 2–10%. The mixtures were formed into 50×50 mm specimens using semi-dry pressing at 15 MPa, followed by drying and firing at 1000°C. Laboratory tests were carried out according to GOST standards, determining water absorption, density, porosity, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity. The results showed that the composition of raw materials significantly affects the structure and performance properties of the ceramics. The optimal composition was identified as 85% opoka, 10% bentonite clay, and 5% coal, which provided a compressive strength of 17.5 MPa, 43% porosity, and low thermal conductivity. This confirms its suitability for heat-insulating construction applications.