Abstract
This review article analyzes the main mechanisms of action of microbial biopesticides based on microorganisms of the genera Bacillus, Trichoderma, and Pseudomonas. Based on domestic and international scientific literature, the antagonistic, insecticidal, and fungicidal activities of these microorganisms against phytopathogens and agricultural pests are discussed. The principal mechanisms of microbial biopesticides include the production of toxins and antibiotic compounds, mycoparasitism, hydrolytic enzyme activity, competition for nutrients, and the induction of systemic resistance in plants. The ecological safety of microbial biopesticides, their advantages over chemical pesticides, and their prospects for application in sustainable agriculture are also highlighted. The review demonstrates the significant role of microbial biopesticides in the development of environmentally friendly plant protection strategies. This review can serve as a theoretical basis for the development of strategies for the effective application of microbial biopesticides. Keywords: microbial biopesticides, Bacillus, Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, biological control, mechanisms of action, phytopathogens.