Abstract
This study investigates the fundamental regularities of heterostructure formation based on twodimensional titanium carbides (Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene) and silicon-containing modifiers of various origins. The relevance of the work is driven by the necessity to develop stable anode materials capable of mitigating the significant volume changes of silicon during electrochemical cycling. Crystalline silicon, biogenic silicon derived from rice husks, and amorphous silicon dioxide with variable dispersity were examined as precursors.The synthesis of nanocomposites was carried out using high-energy mechanochemical activation in a reducing ethanol medium. A comprehensive analysis using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that the use of biogenic amorphous modifiers provides the most precise coating uniformity of MXene lamellae. It was found that the key factor in interface stabilization is the formation of covalent Si–O–Ti bridge bonds, initiated by the presence of active hydroxyl groups on the surface of the biogenic raw material.It was established that the use of ethanol as a dispersion medium effectively prevents degradation and oxidation of the titanium matrix, contributing to the preservation of the composite's lamellar architecture. The results obtained expand the scientific and technological base for the development of highperformance next-generation electrodes for lithium-ion energy storage systems and functional catalytic coatings.