Abstract
The development and use of massive open online courses (MOOC) platforms are associated with some complex technological issues that affect the quality of learning and the availability of educational content. The main technological issues can be divided into several areas: platform interoperability and integration, the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) and chatbots, scalability and data processing, multilingualism and localization, and security and legal aspects. The Learning Tools Interoperability (LTI) standard is often used to ensure interoperability between learning management systems (LMS), but during implementation, problems arise with synchronizing user accounts and assigning grades. The introduction of AI increases support for learners, but poses risks such as limited contextual understanding, decision inauthenticity (XAI), and technological hallucinations. The platforms require processing large amounts of data (clicks, logs, test results), leading to server overload and necessitating specialized servers such as Milvus. Multilingualism issues arise from machine translation errors, especially in technical terms, while security concerns include GDPR compliance and copyright management. This study is a systematic literature review and is based on an analysis of 27 scientific articles published between 2020 and 2026, including an additional 7 scientific articles on this topic indexed in the Scopus database These articles address technological solutions to the problems, including RAG technology, knowledge graphs (EduKGs), and human-in-the-loop approaches. In addition, 20 articles were included in the proceedings of the international scientific conference “European MOOCs Stakeholder Summit – EMOOCS 2025”, which will be held at the Université Télécom Paris, Palaiseau, France, from 30 June to 2 July 2025 The results demonstrate the interrelationship of technological and pedagogical factors in the development of HELC platforms, and on this basis allow for increasing the effectiveness of education.