Time Structure of Extensive Air Showers with Energies $${10^{15}{-}10^{16}}$$ eV Based on Horizon-T Facility Data at the Tien Shan High-mountain LPI Station

Elena Beisembaeva, A. Anokhina, V. S. Aseikin, K. A. Baygarin, Y. V. Verminskaya, M. I. Vildanova, V. V. Zhukov, V. A. Ryabov, M. Samoilov, T.Kh. Sadykov

1 more author

A. L. Shepetov

2026

Closed access Metadata (CSL-JSON)

DOI 10.1134/s1063778826600120

Data confidence 70 medium

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Abstract

The Horizon-T facility at the Tien Shan station of the Lebedev Physical Institute records extensive air showers (EAS) with energies above $$10^{16}$$ eV, while the central detector group can study cosmic rays of lower energies: $$10^{15}\leq E\leq 10^{16}$$ eV. In this paper, the time characteristics of experimental EAS events and those simulated using CORSIKA-77500 are compared. The authors conclude that the QGSJETII-04 hadronic interaction model and the EAS development scenarios used in CORSIKA in the energy range under consideration contradict the time properties of EAS registered by the Horizon-T central detectors.