Abstract
The field of English language instruction is changing quickly due to artificial intelligence (AI), especially in specialized areas like human rights (HR). This literature review examines the role of AI, with a focus on ChatGPT, in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) for IR and HR students. The study synthesizes recent research (2023–2025) on opportunities, challenges, and pedagogical implications of AI integration, highlighting its potential to enhance language proficiency, provide personalized feedback, and generate authentic professional materials. Ethical and practical concerns, including bias, accuracy, and overreliance, are discussed alongside strategies for responsible implementation. The review identifies key gaps in the literature, such as limited research on speaking and listening skills and long-term impacts on learner autonomy and professional competence. Findings suggest that ChatGPT, when used under structured guidance, can support effective and ethically informed ESP instruction in high-stakes global contexts.