Abstract
At present, efforts aimed at the conservation and restoration of landscapes require not only an understanding of their current natural characteristics but also an investigation of the transformations they have undergone over centuries. Many studies tend to limit the analysis of landscape change primarily to the last half-century, while the scarcity of sources relating to the medieval period poses significant challenges for identifying earlier transformations. In this context, the application of toponymic analysis, which considers historical place names as important ecological and geographical indicators, is of particular significance. The aim of this study is to examine landscape changes in the territory of Kazakhstan from the medieval period to the modern era through the application of the toponymic method and to analyze their causal relationships. Based on toponymic evidence, changes in ancient forested, fluvial, lacustrine, desert, and steppe landscapes across different regions of Kazakhstan are identified. The study reveals a lack of correspondence between historical place names and present-day physical realities, indicating the occurrence of climatic and anthropogenic changes in the natural environment. Such toponyms should therefore be regarded not only as elements of linguistic and cultural heritage but also as reliable sources for landscape reconstruction.