Abstract
This article examines perceptions of government support and key barriers to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Akmola Region of Kazakhstan. The study is based on qualitative data from focus groups with 20 representatives from services, trade, manufacturing, and agriculture. Despite the small sample, the research reveals hidden challenges that are difficult to capture through quantitative methods. Drawing on theoretical frameworks on the role of the institutional environment (Bokayev et al., 2023) and regional specificities (Syzdykova & Azretbergenova, 2025), the study identifies major obstacles: bureaucratic barriers, lack of information, limited access to loans, guarantees, and grants, as well as territorial and infrastructural disparities. The findings show that financial support mechanisms are more accessible to medium-sized enterprises, while micro and small businesses face significant constraints. Based on these results, the article proposes policy recommendations, including establishing regional entrepreneurship support centers, simplifying application procedures, revising guarantee schemes, improving transparency of grants and subsidies, and strengthening advisory support. The study highlights the need to align government support measures with the real needs of businesses in a transitional economy.