Abstract
Relevance: Male infertility has become a major global health concern, with a continuous decline in key sperm parameters reported in recent decades. Metabolic syndrome (MS), characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and chronic oxidative stress, is increasingly recognized as a factor contributing to impaired male reproductive function. The study aimed to summarize current evidence on the effects of trivalent Chromium on sperm quality in patients with metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: A literature review included studies investigating chromium metabolism, metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, and male reproductive outcomes. Experimental and clinical findings describing associations among Cr (III), metabolic disturbances, and testicular function were analyzed. Results: Cr (III) plays an essential role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and supports antioxidant defense. Reduced Cr (III) levels, frequently observed in MS, are associated with metabolic abnormalities, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased reactive oxygen species, which may disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. These disturbances can impair steroidogenesis, weaken Sertoli and Leydig cell function, and negatively affect multiple stages of spermatogenesis. Experimental studies show that both Cr (III) deficiency and excessive supplementation can adversely influence testicular structure, testosterone synthesis, and sperm quality, although direct clinical evidence remains limited. Conclusion: Current findings suggest that altered Cr(III) status in MS may contribute to reduced sperm quality through metabolic, hormonal, and oxidative mechanisms. However, robust human studies are needed to clarify the clinical significance of chromium imbalance and its potential therapeutic implications.