Abstract
Soil pollution resulting from the accumulation of heavy metals, pesticides, and organic pollutants is a global concern. This review article explores biochar as an effective method for soil remediation, with a particular focus on its role in the immobilization of heavy metals, reduction of pesticide toxicity, enhancement of soil fertility, and stimulation of microbial activity. The high specific surface area and porous structure of biochar make it a highly efficient biomaterial for reducing pollutant activity and improving soil quality. The review also highlights the important role of biochar in carbon sequestration and mitigating the effects of climate change, thereby supporting sustainable agricultural practices. Key aspects discussed include the application rate and depth of biochar incorporation into the soil, its impact on crop yield across different soil types, and its contribution to ecosystem improvement. Additionally, biochar enhances microbial activity, regulates nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition, improves soil structure, increases water retention capacity and cation exchange capacity (CEC), maintains soil fertility, and reduces susceptibility to erosion. Thus, the potential of biochar in sustainable agriculture and environmental management is evident, and numerous studies emphasize its significant role in improving soil quality and mitigating the impacts of soil pollution.