Awareness, Attitudes, and Behavioral Practices of the Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan Regarding Tuberculosis

Nadira Aitambayeva, Altyn M. Aringazina, Temur Yeshmuratov, Laila Nazarova, Bekdaulet Akimniyazova, Tatyana Popova, Sholpan Aliyeva, A. D. Savkhatova, Nazerke Narymbayeva, Shnara Svetlanova

1 more author

Akylbek Saktapov

2026

Full text Open access: Gold Metadata (CSL-JSON)
DOI 10.3390/healthcare14060790
Data confidence 85 high
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study aims to examine the level of awareness, attitudes (including stigma and discrimination), and behaviors related to tuberculosis among the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan to identify priorities for raising awareness and reducing stigma. METHODS: The study interviewed 2400 people from six regions of Kazakhstan using stratified random sampling based on gender and age. Respondents were chosen from cities and villages, including RK citizens over 18 who could answer questions. Additionally, 400 people with HIV, 200 drug users, 200 internal migrants, and 500 health workers were interviewed. Recruitment was done through profile organizations and the snowball method, with all participants giving informed consent. RESULTS: The study showed different levels of knowledge about tuberculosis (TB) in Kazakhstan. Radiography was the most commonly known detection method (71-91%). Awareness of sputum testing was highest among drug users (84%) and HIV patients (77%), but lower among internal migrants (39%). Internal migrants had the most uncertainty about TB tests (17%). Stigmatizing views of TB patients existed, with 28-38% believing most people reject them. Among healthcare workers, only 38. 8% correctly identified the G-Xpert test for TB and rifampicin resistance, and over one-third misunderstood the Mantoux test's purpose. CONCLUSIONS: The findings show a need for focused educational efforts to boost TB awareness and lessen stigma, especially among internal migrants and the general public. Vulnerable groups, like PLHIV and PWUD, have higher awareness but still encounter major barriers. Improving healthcare workers' knowledge about TB diagnostics is also crucial. Specific communication strategies and policies are needed to improve TB detection, reduce social stigma, and improve healthcare access for at-risk groups in Kazakhstan.