Abstract
This article aims to examine fertility processes among the population of Kazakhstan during the post-Soviet period in the context of the evolving ethnic composition of the population. The analysis draws on a comprehensive dataset, including results of the All-Union population censuses of 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989, data from the Na-tional Censuses of Kazakhstan conducted in 1999, 2009, and 2021, and current statistics. The research is grounded in modernization theory, applied within the context of ethnopolitical and socio-cultural transformations in post-Soviet Kazakhstan. The primary research methods employed are demographic and statistical analysis. The demographic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan during the late 20th and early 21st centuriy is analyzed within the context of changes in the ethnic structure of the population. It is concluded that former rural residents are gradually adapting to new social environments, which exerts an influence on fertility rates. Urbanization has led to a gradual transformation of traditional notions regarding family structure and the number of children. These findings highlight an emerging demographic trend that reflects the contemporary socioeconomic and socio-cultural state of Kazakhstani society. A significant decline in the proportion of European ethnic groups and the rapid urbanization in post-Soviet Kazakhstan have contributed to the spread of traditional reproductive attitudes, once confined to rural communities, into urban areas.