Abstract
The steelmaking industry remains one of the major global emitters of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. According to World Steel Association, the global average CO₂-emissions intensity for crude steel production was 1.91 tonnes CO₂ per tonne in 2022. At the same time, off-gases from basic oxygen furnaces (BOF), blast furnaces (BF) and electric arc furnaces (EAF) carry a large fraction of chemical and sensible energy which is frequently lost. This research focuses on the selection and recovery of metallurgical off-gas streams: analysing established gas recovery and cleaning technologies in BOF and EAF operations, summarising real compositional, calorific and performance data as reported in publicly available technical literature, and proposing novel concepts to enhance utilisation of collected gases by coupling energy recovery with emissions reduction. The findings highlight potential energy savings, improved environmental performance and pathways for future innovation in metallurgical gas-handling systems.