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2026
It is built from checkable properties of the record itself: whether the article has a DOI, how many independent sources confirmed its data, whether the required fields are filled in, and how recent the latest confirmation is. Disagreement between sources and a missing identifier lower it. A value of 80 or above means the record was published without further checking; 60 to 79 means it is published at reduced confidence, with a manual check advisable. A record verified by an editor by hand is never pushed below 90 by a recalculation. This scores our data about the article, not the article itself.
This contribution presents the current distribution of snow leopards across Kazakhstan’s mountain systems and summarises the proposed national IUCN Red List range map. It reviews available information on population status, drawing on recent surveys and monitoring efforts. The chapter outlines key threats, including illegal hunting, prey decline and livestock-related conflict. It concludes with an overview of current conservation efforts in Kazakhstan.