Abstract
The paper discusses current trends in the development of geopolymer composites as an environmentally sustainable alternative to Portland cement. An analysis of raw material sources for geopolymerization is presented, including natural aluminosilicate materials and industrial by-products such as fly ash, blast furnace and ferroalloy slags, red mud, and other residues from energy and metallurgical industries. The main stages and mechanisms of geopolymerization are described, as well as the influence of alkaline activators and synthesis parameters on the formation of the structure and properties of the materials. It is shown that geopolymer composites exhibit high strength, thermal stability, and chemical resistance with a significantly lower carbon footprint, making them promising for use in construction and industrial waste recycling.It is noted that the Republic of Kazakhstan possesses substantial reserves of both natural aluminosilicate rocks and secondary technogenic resources, which creates favorable conditions for the widespread implementation of geopolymer technologies aimed at reducing environmental impact and improving the efficiency of mineral resource utilization.