Abstract
An integrated field–analytical framework was applied to quantify the impact of two small-settlement treatment facilities (TF1 and TF2) on the Irtysh River (East Kazakhstan). The main objective of this study is to quantify effluent-driven dilution and non-conservative changes in key water-quality indicators downstream of TF1 and TF2 and to evaluate parsimonious models for predicting effluent-outlet BOD and COD from upstream measurements. Paired upstream–downstream control sections are sampled in 2024–2025 for 22 indicators, and plant influent–effluent records are compiled for key wastewater variables. Chloride-based conservative mixing indicated very strong dilution (approximately D≈2.0×103 for TF1 and D≈4.2×102 for TF2). Deviations from the mixing line were summarized using a transformation diagnostic θ. At TF1, several constituents exceeded mixing expectations (θ≈13 for COD, θ≈42 for ammonium, and θ≈6 for phosphates), while nitrate shows net attenuation θ<0. At TF2, θ values cluster near unity, indicating modest deviations. Under a small-sample regime N=10 and leave-one-out validation, regularized regression provided accurate forecasts of effluent-outlet BOD and COD. Lasso under LOOCV performed best (BOD_after: RMSE = 0.626, MAE = 0.459, and R2=0.976; COD_after: RMSE = 0.795, MAE = 0.634, and R2=0.997). The results reconcile strong reach-scale dilution with constituent-specific local departures and support targeted modernization and operational forecasting for water-quality management in small facilities.