Sustainable Development and Green Technologies as a New Dimension of Foreign Policy Co-operation: A Comparative Study of Kazakhstan and the Gulf States

Abu Shawer Omar Ahmad, Assem Kurmangali, Saad Twaissi, Eimad Eldin Abdu Ali Abusham

2025

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DOI 10.47556/j.wjemsd.21.4.2025.2
Data confidence 85 high
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Abstract

Purpose: This paper compares how Kazakhstan and the Gulf nations use green technologies and sustainable development in foreign policy co-operation. Design/Methodology/Approach: This analytical framework includes descriptive statistics, Prophet time-series forecasting, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and K-means clustering. Findings: The analysis divides Kazakhstan and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) into three sustainability performance clusters. Saudi Arabia and Kazakhstan are predicted to further increase CO₂ emissions, while the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar show flattening patterns in line with their environmental goals. Research Limitations/Implications: The World Sustainability Dataset (www.Kaggle.com) data from 173 countries provides insights into regional sustainability collaboration, although historical coverage and data availability limit the study. Originality/Value: This paper introduces a quantitative way of linking foreign policy to sustainability performance. It was one of the first to use machine learning to study Kazakhstan-Gulf state green diplomacy. Keywords: Sustainable Development; Foreign Policy; Kazakhstan; Gulf States; Clustering; Forecasting; Renewable Energy; CO₂ Emissions; Green Diplomacy. Citation: Ahmad, A. S. O., Abusham, E., Kyanyshbaikyzy, K. A. and Twaissi, S. (2025): Sustainable Development and Green Technologies as a New Dimension of Foreign Policy Co-operation: A Comparative Study of Kazakhstan and the Gulf States. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development (WJEMSD), Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 303-319.