Abstract
The formation and development of public education in Northern Kazakhstan during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century held significant socio-cultural importance. During this period, the colonial policies of the Russian Empire led to profound changes in the traditional education system and cultural life of Kazakh society. Key developments included the establishment of schools, the introduction of textbooks and teaching materials, and the creation of teacher training systems. These processes contributed to an increased interest in education and literacy among the population and facilitated the emergence of new social institutions and cultural associations. While the school system began to develop in the late 19th century, it expanded into widespread education by the early 20th century, laying the foundation for the formation of the Kazakh intelligentsia. Public education during this era played a decisive role in the social development of Kazakh society and the shaping of national consciousness. This study draws on archival sources, periodicals, and documentary literature to analyze the peculiarities of the educational process in Northern Kazakhstan, the interaction between state and community initiatives, and the broader social significance of public education.