Abstract
This article provides an overview of the key physical, chemical, and hydrophysical factors that determine the behavior and distribution of oil in marine waters. Particular attention is given to water parameters such as salinity, temperature, and density, as well as to the physicochemical properties of oil, including viscosity, density, and fractional composition. The mechanisms of oil slick spreading, evaporation of light fractions, formation of water-oil emulsions, and the stability of heavy components are examined in relation to specific aquatic conditions. A comparative analysis is conducted for three seas - the Caspian, Black, and Mediterranean - characterized by different salinity levels. It is shown that the low salinity of marine water, as observed in the northern Caspian Sea, reduces the stability of emulsions but at the same time impairs oil dispersion and evaporation processes, especially under low-temperature conditions. The study concludes that comprehensive consideration of regional conditions is crucial for assessing the ecological risks of oil spills and for developing effective pollution mitigation strategies.