НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ ПО АРХЕОЗООЛОГИИ ПОСЕЛЕНИЯ ЕЛЕКЕ САЗЫ 2: ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВО И ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ В ПРЕДГОРЬЯХ ТАРБАГАТАЯ В ЭПОХУ БРОНЗЫ

2025

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DOI 10.53737/2713-2021.2025.41.39.010
Data confidence 70 medium
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Abstract

В статье представлены результаты археозоологических исследований останков животных, обнаруженных на поселении эпохи бронзы Елеке сазы 2 (Аксуатский р-н, Абайская обл., Казахстан) в 2022 г. Цель исследования заключается в определении культурно-хозяйственного типа поселения эпохи бронзы в предгорьях Тарбагатая, изучении направлений развития древнего скотоводства и охотничьего промысла, а также в анализе состава древней фауны. В общей сложности исследовано 2876 костей, принадлежащих млекопитающим, из которых 1668 (57,9%) костей определены до вида. Преобладали кости домашних животных (97,5%), кости диких млекопитающих немногочисленны (2,5%). Среди остатков домашних животных наиболее многочислены кости мелкого рогатого скота (66,2%), на втором месте —кости крупного рогатого скота (27,3%), на третьем —лошади (4,4%). В небольших количествах встречаются кости собаки. Бо́льшая часть мелкого рогатого скота была забита в возрасте от 1 до 4 лет. Крупный рогатый скот содержался населением ради молочных продуктов —в основном в возрасте от 3—4 года и старше. Большинство особей лошади забито в зрелом и старшем возрасте. Определен сезон забоя крупного и мелкого рогатого скота и лошади. Установлено, что забой домашних животных не проводился круглый год. Домашних копытных забивали в теплое время года. Жители проживали на поселении с весны по начало осени. The article presents the results of archaeozoological studies of animal remains discovered at the Bronze Age settlement of Eleke sazy 2 (Kazakhstan, Abay Region, Aksuat District) in 2022. The aim of the study is to determine the cultural and economic type of the Bronze Age settlement in the foothills of Tarbagatai, examine the development of ancient animal husbandry and hunting practices, and analyze the composition of ancient fauna. The material was described using standard archaeozoological methods: the species composition of the paleo-fauna was identified, morphological features of domestic animals (age, exterior characteristics) were assessed, and some pathological changes in the bones were identified. A total of 2,876 mammalian bones were analyzed, of which 1,668 (57.9%) were identified to species. Domestic animal bones predominated (97.5%), while wild mammal bones were rare (2.5%). Among domestic animal remains, small ruminants were the most numerous (66.2%), followed by cattle (27.3%) and horses (4.4%). Dog bones were found in smaller quantities. Most small ruminants were slaughtered at ages ranging from 1 to 4 years. Cattle were mainly kept for dairy production and were typically slaughtered at 3—4 years or older. Most horses were slaughtered at mature and older ages. The seasonality of slaughter for cattle, small ruminants, and horses was determined. It was revealed that the slaughter of domestic animals did not occur year-round. Domestic ungulates were primarily slaughtered during the warmer months. The inhabitants of the settlement lived there from spring to early autumn.