Phylogenetic and Pathogenic Characterization of Cytospora Species Causing Apple Canker in Kazakhstan

Zhanar Tulegenova, Saltanat Nayekova, A.Zh. Zhaxylykov, Aidar Spanbayev, Kazbek Dyussembayev, Gulzhamal Mukiyanova, Tursunbayev Nariman, Vladimir S. Kiyan, Emre Sevindik, Cafer Eken

Agriculture, 2025

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DOI 10.3390/agriculture15232490
Data confidence 85 high
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Abstract

Apple (Malus domestica) is a very important crop grown in Kazakhstan. Cytospora species are capable of causing destructive stem cankers on a wide range of woody plants, including apples, and can lead to twig and branch dieback. This study aimed to identify the Cytospora species responsible for canker disease of apple in Kazakhstan and to assess the susceptibility of major apple cultivars to these pathogens. Investigations were conducted in Almaty, Kazakhstan, during 2023 and 2024. Samples from symptomatic trees were collected, and nine Cytospora isolates were obtained from diseased apple trees. Multigene phylogenetic analysis based on combined sequence data of ITS, tef1-α, tub2, and LSU loci, together with morphological characteristics and pathogenicity assays, revealed two Cytospora species: C. leucostoma and C. sorbicola. The reactions of six apple cultivars (Gala, Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Granny Smith, Fuji, and Jonaprince) to these species were evaluated, and statistically significant differences were found among cultivars (p < 0.05). The largest lesions occurred on Red Delicious and Fuji, indicating that these cultivars are the most susceptible. In contrast, lesion lengths on Jonaprince were significantly smaller than on all other cultivars, suggesting that Jonaprince is resistant to Cytospora species in Kazakhstan. This is the first report of C. leucostoma and C. sorbicola causing apple canker disease in Kazakhstan.