Abstract
Cities are the main centres of economic growth and spatial development in Kazakhstan; therefore, studying their formation and dynamics is of particular relevance. The purpose of the study is to identify regional differences and patterns in urbanisation processes by analysing social, economic, and geographical factors that determine the dynamics of urban growth. The methodological framework includes comparative, statistical, and GIS analysis, as well as correlation and regression methods, aimed at studying the interrelationships among urbanisation levels, demographic changes, infrastructure development, and the quality of education. The empirical database is based on official data from the Bureau of National Statistics, the UNFPA, and the World Bank for 2014-2024. The results showed that the share of the urban population in Kazakhstan increased from 54% in 2014 to 60% in 2024, with the most significant increases observed in Almaty (+200 thousand) and Astana (+150 thousand). Large agglomerations concentrate economic activity and human capital, while small, single-industry cities face depopulation and a lack of infrastructure. A stable relationship has been established between the level of socio-economic development of the region and the quality of education: the integral indicators of educational achievement are 76-78% in Astana, 73-75% in Almaty and 68-70% in Shymkent. The practical significance of the results is determined by their applicability in shaping regional policies, spatial planning strategies, and sustainable urban development programs.