Abstract
This study introduces novel approaches against multidrug-resistant bacteria using nanozymes and phosphatase inhibitors. Beet-derived SN-CNPs exhibited robust phosphatase-like activity and selectively disrupted bacterial membranes, while sodium orthovanadate (SOV) inhibited phosphatases essential for cell wall synthesis, exerting bactericidal effects. Combined application of SN-CNPs and SOV enhanced antimicrobial efficacy against E. coli and L. lactis, highlighting a synergistic mechanism. The findings underscore phosphatase-centered strategies as a paradigm shift from conventional ROS-dependent therapies and open new avenues for multi-targeted antimicrobial interventions.