Abstract
This paper presents a study of cooling cryopanels to liquid nitrogen temperatures. Using computer modeling methods, in particular the finite element method and computational fluid dynamics, the temperature and time dependences of the average temperature over the volume and surface of a cryopanel with a single flow line, in contrast to multichannel structures, were obtained. The considered diameters (3, 5, or 7 mm) of the liquid nitrogen flow line showed the effect of the diameter on the cooling intensity: a larger channel diameter leads to more intense surface cooling. In addition, a larger coil diameter leads to a faster achievement of temperature equilibrium over the entire studied surface. This flow line configuration also demonstrated an advantageous concentration of the cooling zone in the central working area of the panel. These results provide critical information for optimizing the design of universal cryopanels, ensuring more efficient and controlled cooling for various applications.