Abstract
Hydrogen is considered one of the most promising energy resources of the 21st century due to its environmentally friendly use and potential for integration into sustainable energy. However, the widespread adoption of hydrogen energy is hampered by the lack of efficient and safe storage technologies. This paper presents an overview of modern approaches to hydrogen storage with an emphasis on physical and chemical methods, as well as the use of nanostructured porous materials. Traditional storage technologies are considered ─ in the form of compressed gas and liquid hydrogen, which have already found practical application, but are characterized by high energy consumption, limited bulk density and safety issues. Attention is paid to the storage of hydrogen in metal hydrides, which have an acceptable potential capacity in practical applications. However, their use is limited by the need for high desorption temperatures, slow kinetics and low reversibility of processes. New areas associated with the use of nanoporous carbon, including materials obtained from biomass and non-traditional raw materials, are considered. High specific surface area, developed microporous structure and the possibility of functional modification make such materials promising for adsorption storage of hydrogen. Examples of experimental works demonstrating the achievement of capacity over 10 wt.% under optimal conditions are given. It is concluded that further development of hydrogen technologies requires an integrated approach, including the improvement of existing systems, the search for new materials and the application of sustainable technologies for the use of renewable raw materials.