Abstract
Arterial hypertension is the most common chronic disease worldwide and the major risk factor for disability and premature mortality. It contributes significantly to the economic and social burden and can severely impair health-related quality of life. The aim of this review is to comprehensively evaluate and synthesise the current literature on the risk factors, contemporary theories of pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies for arterial hypertension. This article also aims to identify and highlight the main clinical areas, prevention and management strategies for arterial hypertension. The review analyses recent studies on the functional and structural alterations of the cardiovascular system associated with arterial hypertension. The risk factors contributing to the development of arterial hypertension are examined in detail, emphasising the role of hereditary predisposition, age, gender, personality traits, lifestyle habits and co-morbidities. On the basis of the available scientific evidence, we propose that haemodynamic disturbances, inflammatory processes, gut microbiota, immune status, hormonal dysregulation and structural changes in blood vessels play a pivotal role in its pathophysiology. Accordingly, therapeutic management should include dietary modification, regular physical activity, healthy lifestyle, regulation of mineral balance, increased consumption of fermented dairy products and pharmacological interventions.