Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary processes of political systems in the context of modern global trends, considering the national specifics of various government entities. Based on the application of the comparative method of analysis of democratic, authoritarian and hybrid regimes, the main trajectories of institutional adaptation and mechanisms ensuring the stability of political systems in the face of global challenges are identified. A special emphasis in the study is placed on the dialectical interaction between global imperatives and local socio-cultural contexts that determine the unique vectors of development of national political systems. As a result of the conducted research, the determinants that have a stimulating or inhibitory effect on the effectiveness of the evolutionary processes of political systems in the context of global challenges of the XXI century have been identified. The revealed patterns make it possible to predict potential scenarios for the further evolution of political systems, considering the intensification of global processes. The results of the study make a significant contribution to the development of the theory of political institutions and comparative political science. An in-depth analysis of the correlation between the specifics of political culture and the effectiveness of institutional adaptations to global challenges seems to be a promising area for further research.