Abstract
This study aims to quantitatively investigate the factors influencing the impact of the oil industry on surface and groundwater within one of Russia’s largest industrial regions – the Volga Federal District. Using a mathematical model, we will examine how geological factors such as the lithology of rock formations and the depth of groundwater affect the spread of petroleum products. It has been established that the oil industry significantly contributes to the pollution of surface and groundwater in the Volga Federal District. Specifically, petroleum product concentrations in groundwater can exceed permissible limits by up to five times, with recorded values ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mg/L, while the regulatory threshold is set at 0.1 mg/L. The study revealed that areas with elevated concentrations of pollutants, particularly benzene, toluene, and xylene, often coincide with sites of intensive oil field development, oil refining facilities, and oil industry waste accumulation.