Abstract
The purpose of this study is a comparative analysis of the application of ESG (environmental, social and corporate governance) standards in the oil and gas sector on the example of Kazakhstan, China, the USA and Iraq. The scientific significance of the study lies in identifying strategies for improving ESG practices by revealing their country features. The scientific novelty of the study is the systematic assessment of ESG – experiments in various economic and political conditions using a specific comparative analysis and the SWOT method. The study examined the ESG indicators of countries in terms of: environmental impact, social consequences and economic efficiency. The research methodology includes qualitative and quantitative analysis based on sources, comparative charts and SWOT analysis. The results show that the United States has the most widespread use of ESG standards, China is developing environmental initiatives, Kazakhstan is building transparency, and Iraq is lagging behind due to political instability. The results of the study can serve as the basis for research in the sustainable development of the oil and gas sector. In the course of the study, legislative initiatives, state incentives that affect the development of sustainable practices in the oil and gas industry were considered. Differences in the level of commitment and standardization of ESG reporting between countries have been identified, which allows a deeper understanding of the motivation and barriers to their implementation. The study also looks at the prospects for harmonizing ESG approaches at the international level. This topic is especially relevant in the context of global climate challenges and increased requirements for business transparency and responsibility on the part of investors and international organizations.