Abstract
Electrochemical sensors are one of the most important technologies in modern analytical chemistry and enable high-precision analyses. In this study, the efficiency of electrochemical sensors based on nanomaterials, as well as their sensitivity, selectivity, detection limit, and stability, were analyzed. The study investigated the analytical capabilities of sensors based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, metal nanoparticles (Au, Pt, Ag), metal oxides (ZnO, CuO, Fe3O4), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Nanomaterials play an important role in improving the sensitivity of electrochemical sensors. The large surface area and high conductivity of carbon nanotubes improve the adsorption of analytes on the electrode surface, thus enabling the detection of their low concentrations. The two-dimensional structure of graphene amplifies electrochemical signals and helps to shorten the analysis time. Metal nanoparticles and metal oxides increase the reaction rate and activate redox processes on the electrode surface. The high porosity of MOF structures enables the effective detection of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants. Research results show that the composition of the nanomaterials used in sensor devices significantly affects their sensitivity and stability. Their chemical and structural modification improves the long-term performance of the sensors. In the future, the development of multicomponent hybrid sensors and the optimization of their industrial applications are particularly relevant.