Abstract
Introduction Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a significant vector-borne pathogen affecting ruminants, leading to substantial economic losses, and adversely impacting livestock production worldwide. Recently, Bluetongue (BT) has emerged as a growing concern for European and Asian countries, including Kazakhstan. This study examines the prevalence and distribution of BTV in Kazakhstan during 2023-2024, providing up-to-date information on its occurrence in livestock and Culicoides species. The findings aim to contribute to better understanding and management of BT in the region. Methods A total of 972 whole blood and 972 serum samples were collected from cattle, sheep, and goats in the southern and northern regions of Kazakhstan, alongside 11,859 Culicoides midges in the autumn of 2023 and Spring of 2024. The serum samples were tested for BT virus (BTV)-specific antibodies using ELISA, while the whole blood and Culicoides specimens were analyzed for BTV RNA by Real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). Morphological and molecular identification of Culicoides species was also conducted. Result The overall seroprevalence of BTV in Southern Kazakhstan increased across all animal species in 2024 compared to 2023, with goats showing the most notable rise (from 3.8% to 29.5%). In the northern regions, seroprevalence remained zero in 2023 but reached 10.0% in cattle by 2024. rRT-PCR results confirmed active virus circulation, with rRT-PCR-positive samples significantly higher in 2024, especially among goats (from 4.2% in 2023 to 62.0% in 2024) and cattle (from 9.2% to 34.4%). Based on morphology, nine species of Culicoides midges were identified, including C. obsoletus a known BTV vector in European countries. Four of them were genetically confirmed, and BTV RNA was detected in all four species ( C. miutissimus, C. sphagnumensis, C. newsteadi , and C. pectipennis ), suggesting their potential vectorial role in BTV transmission. Discussion This study provides new insights into the epidemiology of BT in Kazakhstan and serves as a valuable resource for veterinary professionals. The findings emphasize the need for continued surveillance and vector control strategies to mitigate the spread of BTV in the region.