Abstract
The article presents the results of a 2024 study on the study and analysis of the spatial phenomenon of in the history of Kazakhstan in the XVIII 18th - early ХХ 20th centuries. The discovered sources clearly present in historical perspective various fortress structures, routes of military units of the Russian Empire, fortification lines, border mobility, border outposts, armament of the army of the Russian Empire and administrative-territorial changes in Kazakhstan during the period under study.As a result of the analysis of the identified visual and written sources, it was established that the spatial phenomenon of the in the history of Kazakhstan on the territory of Kazakhstan in the XVIII – XX centuries had a long-term and multi-faceted character (military, socio-cultural). The main characteristic of the military frontier was the placement of fortifications, militarization, regular military units, and paramilitary forms of administration. The advance of the frontier came from two sides: the west and the northeast. The formation of a certain border was achieved by reaching rivers and mountain ranges. This justified the colonial aspirations of the Russian Empire