Abstract
This paper examines contemporary models of state-owned enterprises, with a specific focus on the creation and role of state-owned holding companies in large-scale investment projects. The primary aim of the study is to analyze how these companies contribute to national security, economic stability, and innovation. The study highlights four main models of state-owned holding companies: horizontal, vertical, conglomerate, and investment. Each model serves different strategic objectives, shaped by factors such as industry focus, political priorities, and developmental needs. Horizontal holding companies foster industry synergy, vertical ones integrate various stages of production, conglomerates diversify across sectors, and investment companies manage asset portfolios. The results indicate that state-owned holding companies are crucial in consolidating strategic sectors, such as transportation, energy, and telecommunications, thereby enabling governments to exert control and promote economic growth. These companies also contribute to social responsibility and ethical standards while driving innovation and technological advancement. Despite the growing importance of such companies, there remains a gap in understanding their full impact on global competitiveness. The study concludes that state-owned holding companies are vital instruments for achieving long-term economic and social goals, ensuring sustainability and resilience in a globalized economy.