Abstract
Relevance: Gastric cancer is a heterogeneous disease whose development is associated with both genetic and acquired somatic mutations. Identifying optimal diagnostic markers for gastric cancer with high sensitivity and specificity can significantly improve patient survival rates and contribute to the advancement of personalized medicine. By integrating clinical data and comprehensive genomic analysis, the identification of biomarkers can dramatically enhance the accuracy of diagnosis, dis-ease progression prediction, recurrence risk assessment, and treatment response. This work discusses promising biological markers that may be used to diagnose gastric cancer early and predict the effectiveness of various treatment methods, potentially revolutionizing patient care.The study aimed to analyze current scientific literature to identify new and recently developed biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic value concerning malignant stomach tumors.Methods: In this review, we comprehensively searched electronic medical literature in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The search utilized keywords: “biomarker,” “gastric cancer,” “early detection,” “diagnosis,” and “prognosis.” We included full-text publications in English and Russian, which are available for open access. We focused on the role of biomarkers in early diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer, published in the last ten years. We excluded case reports, correspond-ence, letters, and studies not conducted on humans from the review, as these did not meet our criteria for inclusion.Results: The analysis revealed an insufficient accuracy of existing biomarkers for gastric cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Within the modern approach to disease classification framework, a new molecular type was proposed: tumors infected with the Epstein-Barr virus, tumors with microsatellite instability, genomically stable tumors, and chromosomally unstable tumors.Conclusion: Current research on gastric cancer focuses on identifying and validating new non-invasive biomarkers. Further studies are necessary to enhance sensitivity and broaden the application of these biomarkers for early diagnosis and predicting treatment efficacy.