Abstract
The purpose of the study was to analyse the changes in approaches to the design and organisation of urban environment by comparing architectural solutions of the past and the present. The study examined key elements of the urban environment, including parks, squares, embankments, squares and boulevards, and their role in improving the quality of life of the local population. The methodology included analysing climatic conditions such as temperature fluctuations, precipitation levels and wind activity, as well as their influence on the choice of building materials and architectural solutions. The main results showed that the use of modern heat and moisture resistant materials is important to ensure the durability of facilities in the harsh climate of the region. The paper analyses the formation and development of public spaces in the cities of Northern Kazakhstan with a focus on architectural solutions and spatial organisation of urban environment. Modern approaches to design, including integration of natural elements into the urban environment, creation of pedestrian zones and improvement of transport accessibility are studied. The efficiency of multifunctional spaces was assessed, and examples of reconstruction of public spaces in such cities as Kokshetau, Pavlodar, Petropavlovsk, Kostanai and Astana were analysed. The results of the study showed that the introduction of environmentally friendly materials and technologies contributes to the creation of a sustainable and comfortable urban environment. The paper concludes on the importance of creating inclusive spaces that take into account the needs of different population groups, thus improving the quality of life in the harsh climate of the region. The results obtained can be used to develop recommendations for improving public spaces in similar climatic zones