Abstract
This article examines the policies of national language homogenization and national integration in China, Indonesia, and the Baltic states (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia). Despite their different historical and cultural backgrounds, these countries employ similar mechanisms, including legislative measures, educational programs, and other initiatives aimed at promoting the national language. Similarities include the strengthening of national languages from a constitutional and legal perspective, compulsory language education starting in primary school, and the use of language policy for social integration and the development of national identity. However, there are significant differences in their approaches and outcomes. China’s policy focuses on overcoming regional differences and assimilating ethnic minorities, Indonesia’s approach focuses on unifying its multi-ethnic population through a neutral Indonesian language, and the Baltic states focus on reviving national languages after Soviet Russification. The reactions of ethnic minorities have been mixed: strong opposition in China, moderate approval in Indonesia, and serious concerns in the Baltic states. From an economic point of view, knowledge of the national language is very important in all regions, but only a few groups of the population are marginalized due to language barriers. This analysis highlights the need to adapt language policies to the local context and cultural characteristics in order to achieve effective social integration and economic development.