Abstract
RHE. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed improved charge transfer properties at this temperature, although stability testing indicated potential trade-offs between performance and long-term durability. These findings highlight the critical role of thermal and atmospheric control during post-deposition treatment in tailoring the structural and electronic properties of GZO thin films. The optimized GZO photoanodes demonstrate strong potential for low-cost, efficient, and scalable solar hydrogen production, contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy technologies.