Abstract
Influenza From the Orthomyxoviridae family, a virus (IAV) is a highly adaptive pathogen that affects a variety of avian and mammalian hosts, including humans. Its rapidly evolving segmented RNA genome makes it easier for immune evasion and the generation of novel subtypes, including those that cause pandemics. The virological features of IAV are examined in this study, with particular attention paid to the roles that neuraminidase (NA) and haemagglutinin (HA) play in infection. The discussion of IAV pathogenesis in relation to respiratory tract infections emphasizes the virus's capacity to compromise endothelium and epithelial barriers, resulting in serious difficulties for the lungs. We look closely at the immune evasion tactics used by IAV, such as blocking the host's interferon response via non-structural protein 1 (NS1). The study also discusses the continuous difficulties in therapeutic innovation, highlighting the necessity of developing new antiviral tactics to combat the virus's fast rates of mutation and increasing resistance to current therapies. Gaining an understanding of these pathways is essential to creating efficient treatments for pandemic and seasonal strains alike.