Аннотация
In article considers the role of oil industry in the social and political life of Atyrau region in 1920-1930 based on Atyrau state regional archive. 20-30 years of XX century in social and political life of Atyrau region played a significant role in development of the oil industry. The formation and development of research of oil industry in the Kazakh Soviet Union and Atyrau (Guryev) region in 1920-1930, the labor and welfare of workers, the social status of workers was a relevant issue. The Soviet government paid great attention to the involvement of indigenous population of the country (Kazakhs) in these industries. Kazakhs had working together with other nationalities and made a huge contribution to the development of both oil industry. Mostly the changes and development of oil industry in Atyrau region occurred at the end of the XIX century. The basis of personnel potential was made by impoverished Kazakh sharua, hired workers, Russian immigrants, the poorest layers of urban population, the lowest military ranks, as well as specialists invited from the inner provinces of Russia. The development of Emba field were great importance to the economy of the Soviet Union and Kazakh Soviet Union. However, despite the great contribution of these industries to the country’s economy, the Soviet government did not pay due attention to the development of oil industry in Atyrau region and considered it as a raw material appendage of the center.